The antagonist causes conflict for the protagonist. Since Madame Loisel is the protagonist, I would say that the necklace, itself, is the antagonist. It is at the center of the conflict that is created for the Loisels.
It is after the necklace is lost that all the trouble begins. So the necklace causes the misery.
The theme that stands out in this story for me is Madame Loisel's misconception about what makes life worthwhile. Before she went to the fancy party, wearing the dress and the necklace, she longed for this type of society. The only thing that she believes is worthwhile in life is to be able to attend fancy parties and wear party dresses. It is very superficial.
She comes to feel true misery in her life, as both she and her husband must dedicate themselves, like slaves, to earning money to pay off the debt created when they borrowed money to buy a new necklace.
Madame Loisel had a much better life before she went to the party.
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