Let's start with the definition of each term, and then an example of each device as it is used in Salinger's novel.
Cliche: a cliche is a trite, overused expression (like "hitting the nail on the head.") Mr. Spencer often uses cliches, such as this line from Ch 2:
"Life is a game that one plays according to the rules."
Colloquialism: common, informal speech. Of course, Holden uses colloquialisms all the time. Here's an example from Ch. 6:
"All morons hate it when you call them a moron."
Sarcasm: language that is intended to insult or harm someone emotionally. Holden is often sarcastic. From Chapter 3:
He said he talked to Jesus all the time. Even when he was driving in his car. That killed me. I can just see the big phony bastard shifting into first gear and asking Jesus to send him a few more stiffs.
Diction: Diction simply means the speaker's style and tone. Holden's diction includes all of the other literary devices listed above. An example of his diction, from Chapter 8:
Sensitive. That killed me. That guy Morrow was about as sensitive as a toilet seat.
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