In order to do a proper character sketch, focus mainly on how a character changes from beginning to end. The change should be substantial. In other words, focus the character's values, beliefs, and worldview.
Typically, the change is marked by how a character reacts to conflict. There are mini-conflicts (also known as complications) leading up to and following the major conflict of losing the necklace.
Consider Mathilde's original values that led to each conflict. Had she been happy with her original situation and not looked for superficial social standing, there would be no conflict at all. Mathilde's inner conflict of who she is and who she wants to be is central to the plot of the story. Because of her significant changes, she is known as "dynamic character."
Monsieur Loisel, the static character, never changes sunstantially and thus can be used to measure the Mathilde's changes as the two interact. Think of when you go to see an old friend for the first time in a while. You can learn a lot about how you changed if that person is the same as you remembered him or her.
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