It's an interesting question, but I'm not sure Shakespeare really specifies how many chances Hamlet gets to potentially kill Claudius. Thinking about it, any time when Hamlet is onstage with Claudius, he could potentially pull a knife and just stab him to death - of course, Hamlet knows Claudius is the murderer, we assume (though again, this is difficult to ascertain precisely) from the play scene onward, when he longs to "catch the consciience of the king".
I'd argue Hamlet has a pretty clear chance of assassinating Claudius there and then in the theatre, once he's seen the reaction... though of course, that's not what he says to Horatio he'll do. He's only there to watch Claudius while Claudius watches the play.
I suppose the first real moment that Hamlet has an undoubted chance to kill Claudius is in Act 3, Scene 3:
HAMLET:
Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I'll do't.
But Hamlet talks himself out of it (again). And then after that, any moment at which he sees Claudius he could kill him. So that could include the graveyard scene, the "Where is Polonius?" scene, the fencing match (after which - in the same scene) he does eventually kill him.
There are lots of moments where Hamlet potentially could kill Claudius, though I'm not sure I can give you a definitive number. Key point is, of course, that Hamlet doesn't - not until the end.
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